What are the features of the constructivist theory and its Assignment

What are the features of the constructivist theory and its applications - Assignment Exampletainer exists wherein the individual can seek to categorize the new and inflowing information, the constructivist approach dictates that a container will be made which is suitable to house such information inwardly the mind, worldview, and culture of the individual in question. Accordingly, as a actor to provide a positive learning result, it is incumbent upon the educator to seek to build such a construct first prior to want to impart key elements of knowledge upon which a larger construct can be understood. An example of this would of course be the need for a teacher to adequately express and detail all points of vocabulary and understanding to an elementary school class prior to launching into a broad overview of a new center of understanding.Similarly, psychological constructivists are primarily interested in how people construct key internal elements of cognitive reasoning. In other words, psychological constructivists seek to swear out the question of precisely how human construct different containers within which to house information that is oftentimes otherwise viewed as somewhat absolute. On the other hand, brotherly constructivism, as the name implies, relies heavily on the means by which constructs are built as a result of the societal constraints, culture, and norms that are present within group dynamics. Accordingly, as the text states, on the extreme end of the spectrum there is what is known as radical constructivism. This particular type of constructivism is what can be termed as a type of relativism in which those that espouse such a view contend that there is no reality whatsoever other that what the individual establishes for themselves. Accordingly, the means by which any type of constructivism takes place lies solely within the grasp of the individual who is creating the reality (construction) for themselves.These unique and differing layers o f understanding the way in which human beings split and categorize key information is

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror Essay - 7

Civil Liberties, Habeas Corpus, and the War on Terror - Essay ExampleThe Bush government activity chose U.S. Naval Station in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, as a legal black hole to burr detainees from trials. Detainees serving indefinite time in the detention meat have gone untried and others released without clear legal grounds as to why they served time in the first place. Reflecting back on the relevance of the habeas head teacher, the US Constitution provides that detainees have the right to hearings in court to prove their guilt or innocence. With reference to humanity, fairness, justice, and freedom to equal human rights, habeas corpus provides grounds for value executive authority while upholding the relevance of US constitutional provisions.The right of habeas corpus is an English common law product. Its fundamental relevance is to create performer of summoning individuals before the central courts. In the 14th century, habeas corpus was used to enquire into the grounds of an ind ividuals detention by local courts. In the 16th century, courts applied habeas corpus to enquire into the detentions ordered by the Kings Privy Council (a body blending judicial and executive powers). In the seventeenth century, parliament made steps to strengthen the relevance of habeas corpus bringing the Kings acts into its scope, hence, creating the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 (Habeas Corpus Act, 1679).With developments in English Law, habeas corpus was exported to most of Britains colonies. As the earliest constitutional guarantee, habeas corpus occurred in the US in 1789. Its relevance to both the English and the American Law is that it aims at providing mechanisms to bring a detained individual before a judge to protect the individuals physical integrity. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights, following a 1987 advisory opinion, argued that the habeas corpus performed a vital role in the protection of

Political Power in the Prince by Machiavelli Essay Example for Free

Political Power in the Prince by Machiavelli EssayMachiavelli argues in an other(a) major work that the purpose of politics is to promote a parkland good. How does this statement relate to the ideas Machiavelli presents in The Prince?The fact that two of Machiavellis greatest and most famous works on political power came into macrocosm thanks to the downfall(a) of his own political career is quite ironic. More ironic however is the way he contradicts his statements in each book closely the purpose of political power. As previously stated, adept of Machiavellis major works, referring directly to The Discourses on Livy (1517), argues that the purpose of political power is to promote a common good. Meanwhile, The Prince presents a ruler less worried about the common good and to a greater extent concerned about harboring and expanding political power at all costs.Laws make men good, states Machiavelli in book one of the discourses, after a long explanation about how men created politics to create pasture. At depression men searched for the strongest and bravest among them to mold him into a leader they could obey. Machiavelli then says From this beginning came recognition of what is proper and good, as opposed to what is pernicious and wicked. However, as time went on, the people became harder to avenge and politics became more complicated.New forms of government and laws were created in order to keep the people in order because as he states in The Discourses men leave behind never be good, except by necessity. Simple leaders became the tyrants he promotes in The Prince. They sought to be feared by their people in order to be obeyed and maintain power. In The Prince the leader is no longer the strongest and the bravest, but the prudent, more astute. The leader is one that can predict things such as dishonesty and conspiracy and end it before it can cause further problems in his government.The Prince discusses many ways for an astute leader to rule his state and maybe one or two of these promote the common good of the people, and it isnt even actual common good. In The prince, the appearance of a common good is more important than having it as a reality. A ruler must appear to be honest and good but doesnt necessarily have to be. I believe the relation between Machiavellis two texts on the purpose of political power is that one describes what politics were made to be while the other discusses what they have actually come to be and how to keep them that way.Instead of a common good it goes more along the lines of what is good for the ruler. While the statements contradict each other more than once, I believe the texts to be somewhat complementary in the sense that alone, they each give a different side or view of what politics actually are, while reading them both gives the reader an expanded, more complete understanding, not only on what politics are and how to maintain that political power, but also on why it has to be that way for the good of the people.

Liable for the Torts Essay Example for Free

Liable for the Torts EssayThe question asked basically has two parts. In the first part of my essay I will try to shed some light on circumstances where an employer can be held liable for the torts of his/her employees. And after that I will focus on some of the reasons why one person is held liable in certain situations for the torts committed by another person. And then I will finally give the axe the essay with a conclusion at the end. Vicarious liability is where one person is held liable for the torts of another, even though that person did not commit the telephone number itself. For an employer to be held liable for the tort of her/his employees, three conditions must be fulfilled. First, it should be a tort. Second, the one who committed the tort should be an employee. And third, he/she should be work in the bank line of his job when the tort was committed. Though it looks easy, in practice it is not easy as we think to determine if these conditions are met. Let us ta ke it one by one. The employers can be held liable if only the action committed by the employee was a tort. A tort is a dissever of the civil law (as opposed to criminal law) based on a claim that the defendant has caused injury or loss to the claimant by breaking a relevant obligation enforce by the general law.Having been decided on this, the next thing which needs to be decided is whether the individual who committed the tort is an employee or not. There have been few try outs used over the past to determine whether someone is an employee or not. The First of those is the consider test which was used in Yewens v Noakes (1880) case. When grown his judgment Lord Justice Bramwell said, a servant is a person who is subject to the command of his master as to the manner in which he shall do his work. So it is clear that, the employer will have control over his employees and also as to how they should do their work too. Due to some of the limitations of the control test a new test, Integration test, to be specific, was used in the case of Stevenson, Jordan Harrison Ltd v MacDonald and Evans (1952). According this test if the individuals who committed the tort were put to be working as an integral part of the business, then the employer might be held vicariously liable even if they are declarers for the business.The most recent test used to determine whether an individual is an employee or not, is the economic reality test. This test was used in the case of Mersey Docks and Harbour Board v Coggins and Griffith Ltd (1947), Ready obscureConcrete v Minister of Pensions (1968) and few more other cases. This test looks in to a much wider area than the previous tests. It looks in to aspects like control, self-control of the tools used in the work, chance of profits, and risks of loss as well. So this test considers a wider aspect before deciding on this matter.It should also be historied that usually the employers will not be held liable for the tort of any inde pendent contractors, only when there are some exceptions to this general rule. For example if the employer has classic to commit a tort as in the case of Ellis v Sheffield Gas Consumers Co (1853) where A gas company, not authorized to interfere with the streets of Sheffield,directed their contractor to open trenches therein. The contractors servant, in doing so, left a heap of stones, over which the plaintiff fell and was injured. It was held that the defendant company was liable, as the interference with the streets was in itself a unlawful act.Having being decided on the first two conditions (ie. Tort, Employee), the next and most complex of all to decide is whether the employee committed the tort during the contour of custom. Due to the lack of consistence of the judgments by the courts on this matter it is regarded as the most problematic area. It is clear that the employer can be held liable if a wrongful act was done by the employee with the authorization of the employer. only when the problem arises when the action committed was not authorized or when it is expressly prohibited by the employer.If the employer authorizes employees to do a particular task but the employees do the task they were asked to complete in an unauthorized way leading to a tort, it does not prevent employers from been held vicariously liable for the tort committed by employees. For example in the case of Century Insurance v Northern Ireland Transported Board (1942), despite the high distributor point of negligence by the petrol tank driver, it was decided he was acting in the course of his employment. as well, employees maybe held to be acting within the course of employment even when deliberately acting in a way that was expressly prohibited by his employer. In Rose v Plenty (1976) case, when the 13 twelvemonth old was injured while riding with a milkman on his float to help him deliver milk, despite this was contrary to the employersexpress prohibition, it was held to be within the course of employment because it was an improper way of doing exactly what the milkman was supposed to do.On the other hand in Twine v Beans Express (1946) a driver giving a lift in his delivery van to someone, contrary to instruction was held to be outside the course of employment, since the passenger was a trespasser and in no way of contributing to the purpose of the employment. Briefly discussed above are some of the circumstances where an employer can be held liable for the torts committed by his/her employees and sometimes for the torts of the contractors.But at this point someone might ask why someone else should be held liable for the wrongful act committed by a unlike person. Rest of this essay will focus on answering to this question. Some of the authors including Michael A.Jones(2000) has proposed some answers to this question. According to his book Textbook on Torts A. Jones said that, the employers have a deeper pocket when compared with that of his employee s. So the employers will stand in a better position to pay a compensation for the plaintiff than his employees.Another reason he highlighted in his book is that, if the employees do their work properly its the employer who benefits and makes money out of it. Therefore the employers should also bear any loss caused by his employees too.Similarly some authors argue that, by making the employers vicariously liable for the tor of his/her employees it will give them a financial incentive to encourage their employees to take more divvy up of the safety at work. It is because if the employees commit a tort it will be the employer who will have to bear the financial burden. So in placing this obligation up on the employer, they will be more motivated to instruct and remind employees to take more care and to take safety precautions at while at work.However, it should also be noted that, the Civil Liability(contribution) Act 1978 gives the right for the employers to recover the amount they s pend on compensation the plaintiff, from his/her employees. In the case of Lister v Romford Ice and Cold Storage Co (1957), when dad was injured because of the van driven by his own son, father sued the company for the compensation. Butlater on the company sued against the son and he was asked to pay the same amount which the company was asked to pay to his dad. In conclusion vicarious liability involves the employer being liable to a third party for the torts of his employee.There are 3 conditions which must be satisfied in vicarious liability a relationship of employment mingled with the tortfeasor and the defendant, the commission of a tort, and that it occur in the course of employment. Vicarious liability is not dependent on any fault of the employer and maybe imposed even in the case of an express prohibition or a criminal act. Vicarious liability does not remove the employees personal liability and it is possible, but unusual, for the employee to be called upon to indemnify his employer.

Track And Field training Essay Example for Free

get through And Field training EssayIntroduction Track and field of honor bid is a contest in running, hurdling, walking, jumping, vaulting, and throwing. The track events (running, hurdling, and walking contests) atomic number 18 held on an oval track. The field events (jumping, vaulting, and throwing contests) ar held at various areas nearby. The anneal begins indoors in winter and extends through pop out the summer. A related sportswoman, conducted in the autumn, is cross-country running. A track and field normally includes 10 to 30 of the more than 50 events. nearly meets are held outdoors in spring and summer. Some are held in indoor arenas during the winter months. A meet may be for males but, or for females only, or for both sexes (see Track and Field.Grolier cyclopedia of knowledge, pp. 308-311 vol. 18). Men and women do not compete against each other. Most events are contests between individual athletes who represent divers(prenominal) squads. Each person ea rns points for his team if he finishes an event in root, second, or third (and sometimes fourth, fifth, or sixth) place. The team with the highest score wins the meet. In the Olympic Games, however, only individual winners are recognized except in team sports. More all over, the Track and field, or athletics as it is called in many countries.Track events are conducted over withdrawnnesss measured in metres or, in some American meets, in yards. Older American tracks are 440 yards in circumference, but most built since the late seventies are cd metres in circumference. The older tracks can easily be converted to metric distances). An indoor track is usually between 160 and 220 yards (or one hundred fifty and 200 meters) in circumstance. A lap is one time around the track (see Track and Field. Grolier encyclopedia of knowledge, pp. 308-311 vol. 18). Running contests include dashes, or sprints (55 to 400 metres 60 to 440 yards) middle-distance races and long distance races (3,000 me tres or 2 miles or more). Hurdling is a race over hurdles (barriers) that are spaced an equal distance apart on the track. Hurdles vary in h cardinal according to the age and sex of the competitors.The steeplechase is a 3,000-metre or 2-mile race over hurdles, hedges, and pools of water. In pass on races, four-runner teams compete, each athlete running part of the distance. Walking events are races in which the contestants walk for a distance of 800 metres to 50,000 metres (31 miles) (see Track and Field. Grolier encyclopedia of knowledge, pp. 308-311 vol. 18). The intents of this paper are to (1) know the history of track and field and its rules and scoring (2) be aware of the current information on track and field training and (3) figure out the conditioning program/s of track and field training. Background History of track and field Track and field is one of the oldest of sports. Athletic contests were often held in conjunction with religious festivals, as with the Olympic games of ancient Greece. For 11 centuries, starting in 776 BC, these affairs for men onlywere enormously popular and prestigious events. The Romans keep the Olympic tradition until the time of the Christian emperor Theodosius, who banned the Games in AD 394. During the middle Ages except for a short-lived revival in 12th-centruy England, make track and field as a modern sport impetus through their interclass meets, or meetings as they are salve called in Britain and in 1849 the kinglike Military Academy held the first organized track and field meet of modern times(see Track and Field. New cadence Encyclopedia, pp. T-341-T-345 vol. 17).Not until the 1860s, however, did the sport flourish. In 1866 the first English championships were held by the newly formed Amateur Athletic Club. The Amateur Athletic Club gave way to the Amateur Athletic Association in 1880, which has conducted the annual national championships since that date.Although meets were held on the North American continent as early as 1839, track and field first gained popularity in the late 1860s, later on the formation of the New York Athletic Club in 1868. The Amateur Athletic Union of the United States, an association of track and field clubs, was formed in 1887 and has governed the sport in the United States since then (see Track and Field. New Standard Encyclopedia, pp. T-341-T-345 vol. 17). Rules and scoring All races are started by the firing gun by an decreed at the starting line. For races up to and including one lap of an outdoor track, the runners must stay for the entire distance lanes marked on the track. There may be six to eight lanes, with each lane usually measuring 1.2 m (4 ft.) in width. The winner in each race is the runner whose torso first breaks the vertical plane of the finish line. Races are quantify either by mechanical watches or by more sophisticated, electronic photo-timers that can measure finishes to the 100th of a second. Sometimes, owing to the number of contesta nts in a competition, qualifying rounds, or heats, are held to narrow the contestants down to the fastest runners (see Track and Field. New Standard Encyclopedia, pp. T-341-T-345 vol. 17).Athletes in the field also have qualifying rounds. In the horizontal jumps and throws, athletes are allowed troika preliminary attempts in the field numbers more than eight participants. Then the best performers are allowed three more attempts. In the vertical jumpsthe high jump and pole vaultthe participants are allowed to continue until they have three successive failures. If two or more contestants tie, the competitor with the fewest failures at the last height cleared its the winner if still tied, the total number of failures is the deciding factor if a tie remains, the total number of jumps is considered.Scoring systems differ according to the meet. Many national competitions are scored on the basis of 10 points for first place, 8 for second, on down to 1 point for sixth. In international mee ts, the scoring is 5 for first place, 3 for second, 2 for third, and 1 for fourth. The team with the highest total wins. For road races, cross-country meets, and walking competitions, the winner is given 1 point, the second-place finisher 2 points, and so on the finish positions are totaled, and the team with the last score is the winner (see Track and Field. New Standard Encyclopedia, pp. T-341-T-345 vol. 17).III. Discussion Current information on track and field training There are three vital cycles in a track and field training program and these are the pre-season (happens in September throughout mid November), an indoor season (happens from December through early March, and the outdoor seasonlater part of March through early June (see Track and Field preparation). The pre-season normally includes of acquiring into shape for the upcoming seasons. This program will include of weight room, cardiovascular work, sprint mechanics, and core strength for the abdominals, hips and lower back (see Track and Field Training). The training program must not be severe to keep away from burnout toward the end of the season. In each season, the recovery periods are essential. During the track and field training program, lifting like cleans, squats and dead lifts may be included three times a week.Another exercise that can be included in the training is the arm work like bench, military, lat pull, and pull ups (see Track and Field Training). Moreover, the coach needs to identify that in pre-season conditioning, there are four main areas that require to be enhanced for any track and field athlete.Various exercises are part of the track and field training and if the exercises for a specific body part have been recognized, circuits may be made so that the specific aspect will be managed properly. The circuits need to be timed instead of indicating an exact quantity of exercise in which every athlete is given a chance to work on with his/her own ability and abdomen circuit is of the examples. This circuit is timed by 30 recommended to be 30 seconds on 30 seconds off for every exercise (see Hackett, Brad. Pre-Season condition). Abdomen Circuit 30 on 30 off Crunches V-Sits Opposite Knee (Chinnies) Double Leg Eagles Toe Touches Leg Toss Back Hypers with a twist Side Ups Conditioning program/s of track and field training. In the general training season, circuit training is significant. If the circuit training for the pre-season conditioning is done earlier, the coach still has the chance to enhance the fitness level of the team without endangering the individual. In general preparation and conditioning, there are things to be followed and these are in place jumps, bounding, disaster jumps, hurdle hops, abdomen circuit, multi shot throws, general strength circuit, weight room, and track workouts (see Hackett, Brad. Pre-Season Conditioning). Conclusion Track and field, or athletics as it is called in many countries, is the denomination given to contests f or men and women that involve running, jumping for height and distance, and throwing for distance using implements of standardized design. Competitions in Track and Field are called meets and are usually held outdoors. Track and field training involves conditioning programs that make the athletes more competitive during the season.ReferencesTrack and Field Training. http//www.athletesacceleration.com/track-and-field-training.htmlHackett, Brad. Pre-Season Conditioning. http//www.everythingtrackandfield.com/catalog/matriarch/OnePiecePage.asp_Q_PageID_E_151_A_PageName_E_ArticlePreSeasonConditioningTrack and Field. Grolier encyclopedia of knowledge, pp. 308-311 vol. 18Track and Field. New Standard Encyclopedia, pp. T-341-T-345 vol. 17

M-Pesa innovation products of Safari

M-Pesa innovation products of SafariCHAPETER 1BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEMM-Pesa is unrivalled of the ingenious innovation products of Safari- com Kenya, it is a peregrine gold transfer that en commensurates Safari-com subscribers to send and receive money to anyone of the lively network. It was developed by Vodafone, which holds a 35% share in Safari-com. The M stands for nomadic. Pesa is Swahili for money. Since its introduction in process of 2007, the M-PESA money transfer system has seen its popularity with the un- tilled population surge, making the application a great success all over the country. For example, between March 2007 and September 2008, M-pesa soulfulness to person transfers hit the Sh54 billion mark with December alone last year tarradiddleing for an additional Sh14 billion. To call M-PESA a success would be an understatement. today you dejection use your phone to pay for cab rides and electricity, to get money pop out of automated teller machines without owning an ATM card or even having a traditional bank theme. This has ca apply jitters in the banking industry. It is worthy noting here that most of the Kenyas live in local remote playing fields and do not have advance to banking religious services.The M-PESA service does not require users to have bank accounts. All they need to do is register at an authorized M-PESA agent by providing their Safari-com mobile number and their realization card. Once registered, the user butt buy digital funds at any M-Pesa agent and send that electronic cash in to any other mobile phone user in Kenya by SMS. Recipients can either redeem this for conventional cash at M-Pesa agent outlets or buy Safari-com airtime for themselves and other subscribers. An M-Pesa-enabled mobile phone can too function as an electronic wallet, holding up to 500 (50,000 Kenyan shillings).The service has lowered transaction costs for users in terms of money, time and risk. An urban dweller that used to send money t o his nuclear family, other relatives or anyone else victimisation the post office, bus services or friends traveling home can now remit funds quickly and safely for a small fee. The recipient can then obtain cash using an M-pesa agent of choice. The service is being used to make payments for lower value goods and services, thus increasing the velocity of business. You can haggle with a falconer on the street and make an electronic payment for whatever you buy. Instead of traveling upcountry to pay school fees or cater for unforeseen expenses, parents can now agree with friends or teachers to make payments on their behalf after getting the money transferred electronically to them. People who were too poor to open a bank account can now have a transaction account at their disposal. Only about 2 million Kenyans have bank accounts out of a population of around 36 million. Therefore, the potential to broaden access to financial services is massive. Though the product has is clearly ga ined prominence among the low income earners, high school income earners Small and medium organizations it has not gone down well with the major Banking key players who are opposing it. 90% of Kenyans do not have an account in a regular bank. Across Africa, only 20% of families have formal bank accounts, according to a World Bank vista. In Tanzania the ploughshare is as low as 5%, and in Liberia 15%. But the proliferation of mobile telephone services around the continent has opened a sensitive way to extend financial service1.1 Research questionsWhat are the financial needs that M-Pesa meets as an agent of money transfer? Is the M-Pesa product reliable and favorable in meeting the financial needs in Kenya?1.2 Research Objectives1. To see to it out the effects/ contributions of M-Pesa as a product of Safari com to society2. mother out the impacts of M-Pesa in the banking sector in Kenya3. To beat out who are the main population segments targeted by M-Pesa product in Kenya 4. To find out the methodologies used by Safari com as an M-Pesa provider to satisfy customers needsRATIONALE OF THE RESEARCHKnown as M-pesa, or mobile money, the service is expected to reverse banking in a country where more than 80% of people are excluded from the formal financial sector. Apart from transferring cash a service much in demand among urban Kenyans supporting relatives in rural areas, customers of the Safaricom network pull up stakes be able to keep up to 50,000 shillings (370) in a virtual account on their handsets. Mobile phone growth in Kenya, as in most of Africa, has been remarkable, even among the rural poor. In June 1999 Kenya had 15,000 mobile subscribers. Today it has nearly 8 million out of a population of 35 million. In time, M-pesa will allow people to borrow and repay money, and make purchases. Companies will be able to pay salaries directly into workers phones something that has already attracted the interest of boastfulr employers, such as the tea compa nies, whose workers often have to be paid in cash as they do not have bank accounts. The M-pesa project is being watched closely by mobile operators around the world as a way of targeting the multibillion pound up international cash transfer industry long dominated by companies such as Western Union and Money gram. According to the World Bank, remittances send from nearly 200 million migrant workers to developing countries totalled 102bn in the year 2007. The GSM Association, which represents more than 700 mobile operators worldwide, believes this could quadruple by 2012 if transfers by SMS become the norm. Vodafone has entered a union with Citigroup that would soon allow Kenyans in the UK to send money home via text message. The charge for sending 50 is expected to be about 3, less than a third of what some traditional services charge. SMEs in Kenya are making use of M-pesa. This is mainly because the service has been found to be liquid, flexible, acceptable, safe and reliable. M -pesa has also had an impact on microfinance institutions since members send virtual funds to their group leader, and the group leaders hold in the funds to the microfinance organization. Users can send between 100 Kenyan shillings ($1.5) and 35,000 shillings ($530) via a text message to a desired recipient even someone using a different mobile network. The recipient then can obtain the cash from a Safaricom agent by entering a secret code and showing personal identification.M-pesa gives people too much access (24/7) to their cash which could undermine saving culture. Analysis shows that the M-PESA-based cash transfers are secure, enable a quick emergency response, are cost-effective and empower communities. Cash transfers give households access to a wider range of commodities. The injection of cash also strengthened the local economy. The role of information applied science in empowering the poor the ability of mobile phones to send SMS expands the range of cheap communication available to the poor. Isolated communities now know how to receive remittances by using M-PESA. Communities also see advantages in using their mobile phones to develop early warning and security alarm systems to prevent cattle-rustling. Women also see income-generating opportunities by offering informal payphone services to other members of the community.Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEWThe increasing speed of transactions has been a critical part of the innovation process. At the cutting edge of money technology, corporate the States is moving beyond batch processing and air couriers, to networks for integrated accounting and payments processing systems. The definition of an instantaneous money transfernot by check, but by ATM or direct computer connectionis moving inexorably toward real time, on a par with exchanges of currency, but without the need to be physically face-to-face. And the closer technology brings us to real-time remote payments, the closer we are to genuine 24-hour banki ng and trading, and a worldwide set of assets that might be used for wealth storage, at least(prenominal) for those who are willing to accept some currency risk. Firstly, it is the young, male, urban migrants who are driving the uptake of services customer adoption. Being early adopters of technology, these migrants are ordinarily better educated and earn higher incomes than those in the village. Because these migrants are the senders, they can choose the channel for money transfer. They then influence recipients in the rural areawho are usually female, less educated and poorerto also use M-pesa.M-pesa has been successful because it relies on traditional practices and structures and modernizes these features. It is indeed a model based on autochthonic payment practices, extended mobile phone networks and a large distribution network. With this service, Kenyans can open up a digital account on the cellular phone phone, send and receive money, pay bills like electricity and obtai n credit. Users can also withdraw money from ATMs The distribution network is based on agents who were already present in markets. Agents receive basic training from M-pesa. Only three months after the launch of M-pesa, the service had 400 agents, compared to 450 bank branches and 600 ATMs in Kenya. By middle 2009 M-pesa had 3400 agents. Safaricoms M-pesa service in Kenya was one of 10 private sector initiatives in 2008 to be recognized by the World Business and instruction portray as making a significant contribution to the UN Millennium Development Goals. M-pesa has also been recognized by several other prizes, including Stockholm Challenge 2008 Winner, economical Development category ( M-pesa)Kenyan Banking Awards 2007 and 2008 Special Award for Product Innovation (M-pesa)Global Mobile Awards 2008 Nominated, Best use of Mobile for Social and Economic Development (M-pesa)Global Mobile Awards 2008 Winner, Best Broadcast Commercial (M-pesa Send Money Home TVC)AfricaCom Awar ds 2008 Changing Lives award and Best Solution for Rural Services awardMSK Warrior Awards 2008 Best Innovation.Kenyas independent Financial Sector Deepening Trust (FSD), which aims to support the development of inclusive financial markets in Kenya, carried out a survey of M-pesa use in 2008. The survey aimed at establishlishing the opportunities and challenges presented by the service and how it could be introduced in other countries. The survey of 3,000 randomly selected households across Kenya, 300 randomly selected M-pesa agents and 50 M-pesa Head offices found almost 40% of households use M-pesa, with 63% sending regular financial support. Of those surveyed 90% believe their money is safe with M-pesa81% find M-pesa genuinely easy to use and a further 15% say it is quite easy to use84% say losing M-pesa would have a large negative effect.Compared with alternatives, those surveyed find M-pesa is Quicker (98%)More convenient (96%)Safer (98%)Cheaper (96%)Concern Worldwide pioneer ed the use of M-pesa for bulk cash transfers during the post-election emergency in early 2008 in the Kerio Valley, one of the remotest parts of Kenya. During the violence, cattle rustlers attacked communities in the Kerio Valley, looting their livestock and displacing them. Concerns initial response was to provide food aid, but carrying and distributing food proved very costly and insecure. Cash transfers were seen as a way of overcoming the challenges posed by the terrain and the security situation.Chapter 3METHODOLOGYThe study will be based in Nakuru a town which is surrounded by a network of small village towns, also comprising of low and middle income earnersThe study proposes to use both secondhand info and primary data to achieve its objectives. The secondary data will be obtained from Safari-com website on issues of corporate and social responsibility, monthly newsletters and annual reports.The look will prefer qualitative as it is considered as the most appropriate on acc ount of it being amenable to use of innovative techniques in exploring relatively undiscovered research areas (kamoche, 2001 Yin 1994).The research worker will also use mixture of research methods and these are semi structured questionnaires, surveys and oral interviews to collect data.Quota sampling will also be used to collect data regarding population segments targeted by M-Pesa product.3.1 Data analysis and methodsThe data will be summarized and classified in terms of variable quantity objectives of the study in order to enhanced further analysis and processing. The responses to the divers(a) items will be coded then keyed in a matrix for this purpose. The data will be entered, edited and cleansed to ensure correct entry of the response. Descriptive (frequencies, means, standard deviations and graphical illustrations) will be used for the analysis to help in establishing the findings on the objectives of the study3.2 Information Validity and ReliabilityThe questionnaire will be pre-tested with Safari com to authentic reliability. The pre- testing study/pilot study will be done, 100 km from Nakuru away from the study area and will be done to avoid any possible influence on trial respondents sooner the actual survey4 REFLECTIONSDue to the size of general population in Kenya, time within which the research should be completed and the cost that would be involved if all the country were studied, the study will cover a cross section of Nakuru residents who will be represent the rest of the country.This study consequently proposes to use cross sectional survey because it is cheap to do and the results from the sample can be inferred to the larger populationThe M-Pesa product has been in the market for a barely two years and therefore there isnt much literature about it however the results from this research will guide future research in this area4.1 Ethical issuesThe first step was to seek permission from management by writing a letter to Safari-com managem ent. This was important get authorization.Since various people including Safari- com employees, general public and other stakeholders will be interviewed it is important to seek permission from these people before interviewing or giving them questionnaires.Before source had the researcher will seek permission from management by writing while assuring them that the copy of research would be provided and none will be published outside without their permission. Under no circumstances would personal details to be divulged according to the data protection Act. It will be responsibility of the researcher to assure participants that it will be their sole decision to comment or give opinion. Another important issue is time and therefore it is upon the researcher to find time for interviews not to disrupt any organizations business.REFERENCESAlice t. Liu Michael K. Mithika- the credit bureau and m banking research study- USAID, April2009.http//news.bbc.co.uk/business Mobile phone lifeline for worlds poor, 27/02/07http//www.cato.org/pubs/books/money15.htmlhttp//globaltechforum.eiu.com/index, Kenya Safaricom aims for the big gage02/08/2007.http//www.gurdian.co.uk/ Kenya sets world Kenya sets world first with money transfers by mobile, 20/03/2007 http//www.safaricom.co.ke, Annual results presentation, 21/05/2009http//www.the times100.co.uk/ case study Kenyans to use mobile phones to pay utility bills

The Lord Of The Flies: Chapter 8

The Lord Of The Flies Chapter 8Lord Of The Flies Chapter 8Goldings Lord Of The Flies is based on an island after the second world war. Through-out the novel, Golding treats the island as a microcosm of the war. Within this is microcosm, the island commences as a utopia but it is not until chapter 8 when it gradually evolves into a dystopia as the ultimate battle for jealousy and power breaks out.The registration and degradation in certain characters behaviour from their normal life of civilization makes chapter 8 refer to Goldings Lord Of The Flies . It is the main chapter in which democracy is demolished, ferociousness kicks in and the definitive chapter in which Simon has the ultimate encounter with the Lord Of The Flies. I will explore Goldings use of emblemism, plot, imagery, language, Christian morals, setting, themes and story structure as easily as the novels overall historical context to establish the fact that chapter 8 is the most signifi gear chapter to the novel as a whole.This is the vital episode in which Ralph experiences difficulties dealing with the zoology. He acknowledges its existence and in doing so spreads affright amongst the other boys. This is illustrated when Ralph portrays the beast as having teeth and big black eyes. Ralph instantly decides that fighting the beast is not an option leaving the boys with no alternative than to hide from the beast and live under its shadow. Ralphs fear well-nigh the beast is conveyed in his own terminology for the preliminary time in chapter 8, expressing the chapters great magnitude and relevance. As evidenced in the above quotations, it is in chapter 8 that the beast is embellished and made to seem scarier than reality, again showing the chapters eloquence.This powerful section centres on Ralphs pessimism which contributes to his poor management of the beast. He does not appreciate that the littluns take him seriously and visualise the news as a sign for panic. Ralph explains, I dont think we d ever fight a thing that size, honestly, you know. Wed talk, but we wouldnt fight a tiger. Wed hide. Even yap ud hide. Ralphs apathy is conveyed because he makes himself believe that his hopes argon slim. From Ralphs language, the reader and other characters become under the impression that the beast is huge and can not be fought. Here, the key notion which makes chapter 8 substantial is that Ralph injects pain and fear into the unstable community instead of calming them.Ralphs priority is evacuating the island rather than confronting the beast. This is illustrated when Ralph says As long as theres trip out were brave enough. But then? And now that thing squats by the fire as though it didnt want us to be rescued So we cant have a signal fire Were beaten. The reader comprehends the boys inability of coping with darkness because of their strong fear of the beast. Little do the boys know, that the beast is living in spite of appearance them like a parasite which can not live on it s own but is in need of a host to live in. This is momentous to chapter 8 because we learn that Ralphs desire is not to stay on the island or integrate himself into the island in order to avoid mingling with the beast.Throughout chapter 8, the conch acts as a symbol of authority and order. At the beginning of the chapter, the conch glimmered among the trees. This is gelid to chapter 8 because the glimmering of the conch confirms its importance and the way it stands out in nature, symbolises how right actions stand out from slander actions. From the beginning of the book, the conch takes the place of civilization and democracy which are clearly two social aspects which the island lacks after the destruction of the conch. It is because of the conchs destruction or in other lecture the destruction of authority, that degradation and an uncivilized atmosphere are the shocking result.Jack blows the conch and calls a meeting at the start of chapter 8. This makes the chapter especially s ignificant because normally, Jack has a certain disregard for the rules but however it is in this chapter that he uses the conch and applies the rules for his own benefit. Jack makes negative comments in the meeting about Ralph like, Ralph said my drawers are no good, Hes like piggyhe isnt a proper chiefhes a coward himself Hes not a hunter. Hed never have got us meat He just gives orders and expects people to obey for nothing, He competes with Ralph for leadership, which is unmistakably a direct challenge and describes Ralph as not a prefect which is the last reference to the boys previous school life. This is especially portrayed in chapter 8 because Jack attempts undermining Ralph in order to attract the littluns to his own life style. He also capitalises on the appearance of the beast, although he himself is scared of its shadowy presence too. However, he realises that the groups faith in Ralph is ever decreasing because of the fear and instability of the beast on the island.J ack reacts rattling violently to the beast, but does not aim his evoke at the beast instead he aims it at Ralphs leadership and at hunting. He has bloodlust and loves to hunt and kill, the food is merely a by-product of the adrenaline that it gives him to hunt, pursue and kill another animal. He has passed his passion onto his hunters. This is predominantly shown in the chapter when Golding mentions that, The hunters followed, wedded to her in lust, excited by the long chase and the dropped blood This is particularly pivotal to chapter 8 because he uses the possibility of pacifying the beast as a way of seducing the boys to what he wants them to do. He uses the promise of exciting hunting, brilliant feasts and most of all, the promise that the beast will not bother them and the promise that the beast will cease to be a constant point of fear for the boys.Simon has a diverse reaction to the beast compared to the other boys in the novel. This is especially expressed in chapter 8 b ecause it is when Simon instinctively knows that the beast is something that has manifested itself in the heads, hearts and minds of the boys, giving them a focus for their fear. He endeavours to disprove the beasts existence by climbing the mountain and discovering what it was that Ralph and Jack saw I thought there might be something to do, something we- again the pressure of the prevarication took his voice away I think we ought to climb the mountain What else is there to do? Simon climbs the mountain and his theory is proven, when he locates a dead parachutist and encounters the pigs head. This attests that Simons predictions about the existence of a physical beast were right. This is crucial to chapter 8 because Simons Christ-like figure is revealed.The imperative confrontation between Simon and the Lord of the Flies takes place in chapter 8 showing the chapters even greater magnitude. When Simon confronts the Lord of the Flies, it is just a pigs head on a stick, which Jack ha d stuck into the ground in Simons special retreat. However, when Simon is speaking to it he doesnt see it as a pigs head he interprets it as evil. When the Lord of the Flies is talking to Simon, the dialogue is like a schoolmaster is telling him off. You are a silly little boy just a silly ignorant little boy. The Lord Of The Flies intentionally talks in this modality to try overpowering Simons thoughts and mind and acts as if he knows better.The pigs head then progresses by instructing Simon to go and socialise with the other boys, or they will think he is crazy. Youd better run off and play with the others. You dont want Ralph to think youre batty, do you? Overall, in this vital episode, The Lord of the Flies starts forcing Simon into thinking that no one on the island likes him. This is principally illustrated in chapter 8 because the Lord of the Flies tries to affect Simons thoughts by qualification him socialise with the evil boys. The beast attempts taking control of Simon b y saying, on that point isnt anyone to help you. Only me. And Im the Beast. Simons reaction to this is to shout insults at the pigs head. Pigs head on a stick This confirms that Simon understands that this is all it is. The Lord Of The Flies attempts gaining Simons obedience. This is ironic because it is similar to what happens to Jesus, making chapter 8 religiously momentous as well. Subsequently, the Lord of the Flies informs Simon that he cant kill it. The beast sarcastically says, Fancy thinking the Beast was something you could hunt and kill This section is even more relevant because the Lord Of The Flies tries to embed its presence inside Simons head by declaring its state of immortality.The island itself, particularly chapter 8, functions as a kind of Garden of Eden that is gradually corrupted by the introduction of evil. The Lord of the Flies may be seen as a symbol for the devil, since it works to promote evil among mankind. An example of this is when the Lord of the Flies tells Simon to, Get back to the others. This promotes evil because the other boys evil will affect Simon.Chapter 8 is precise considerable because it is when Simon is faced with the ethical reality of the novel and is killed sacrificially as a consequence of having discovered the truth. In chapter 8, Golding conveys that Simons life has strong parallels with that of Jesus which is a very pivotal part of the chapter. His conversation with the Lord of the Flies mirrors the confrontation between Christ and the devil in Christian theology. There are unfortunate consequences to Simons finish in that the island is thrown into a deeper network of misery and unhappiness. The beast says to Simon, Arent you afraid of me? and You dont want Ralph to think youre batty do you? Simons wisdom is portrayed through the notion that he does not believe and act by the beasts words, indicating the importance and great significance of chapter 8 to the novel.To conclude, Chapter 8 is key to Goldings Lo rd Of The Flies because it is where the instability of Jack, neanderthal and Ralph an the island is conveyed. This has strong comparisons with peoples physical and emotional feelings during World War 2. Additionally, being under immense pressure of the gradual immersion of a dystopia, some of the boys like Ralph light control but others like Jack capitalise on the fear of the littluns. This is echoed in the war when Hitler capitalises on the fear of the other countries and the public. Golding also conveys the notion of fear in chapter 8 making the chapter significant. The chapter is also prophetic because of Simons death. Finally, Golding explains the divisions within the group of children as a symbol of destruction of order and authority. This originates from the biblical reference of every kingdom divided against itself is brought to destruction. (Mathew 12.25) The above points tie together to prove the chapters eloquence to the novel as a whole.